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Fair wear and tear is the gradual and natural deterioration of a property caused by the normal use of an occupying tenant.
Written by
Ben Luxon
PUBLISHED ON
Mar 13, 2025
Throughout the lifetime of a buy-to-let property, some level of wear and tear is unavoidable. Normal deterioration occurs when tenants live in a property—scuffs on the paintwork, worn-out carpets, and aging appliances. These are natural occurrences and not a result of tenant neglect or abuse, meaning tenants cannot be held responsible for them.
However, if the damage exceeds fair wear and tear, landlords can hold tenants liable for repairs or replacements as outlined in the tenancy agreement. Understanding the difference between fair wear and tear and tenant-caused damage is crucial for landlords to know when they can deduct repair costs from the tenant’s security deposit or request reimbursement.
Related: The Rental Property Expenses Checklist
Fair wear and tear refers to the gradual deterioration of a rental property due to everyday use. Examples include:
Since this type of damage is a result of normal use and aging, landlords cannot legally charge tenants for repair costs related to fair wear and tear.
Unlike fair wear and tear, tenant damage results from negligence, accidents, or intentional actions that affect the normal function of the property. This type of damage is the tenant’s responsibility to repair or pay for.
Examples of tenant-caused damage include:
Typically, landlords can charge tenants for these repairs during the tenancy or deduct the cost from the security deposit after conducting a move-out inspection. To ensure quality repairs, landlords should work with trusted contractors rather than allowing tenants to fix damages themselves.
Tenant Liability Insurance: Tenants can protect themselves by obtaining tenant liability insurance, which covers accidental damage to the property’s furniture, fixtures, and fittings, helping prevent large deposit deductions.
Related: What is a rent guarantor and when should landlords require one?
Assessing wear and tear versus tenant damage can be subjective. To support claims for deductions, landlords must provide clear evidence that specific damage was caused by the tenant and is not part of normal wear and tear.
A comprehensive inventory report at the start of the tenancy helps landlords protect their investment and prevent disputes. This should include a thorough property walkthrough, documenting the condition of each room with high-quality photographs and detailed descriptions. Ensure these images are dated and/or embedded in the signed inventory for credibility.
At the end of the tenancy, a check-out inspection should compare the property's condition against the original inventory. If discrepancies are found, landlords can use the documented evidence to justify security deposit deductions. Without proper documentation, landlords may struggle to recover repair costs in a dispute.
Landlord Tip: Tenants who are aware of their responsibilities and potential costs are more likely to maintain the property.
Related: What Fees Are and Aren’t Allowed According to the Tenant Fees Act 2019
A detailed inventory report should include:
When the tenant moves out, the final inspection should document any new damage, and the tenant should be informed of potential deductions with clear reasoning to minimize disputes.
Related: How to Select The Best Available Tenant: Tenant Referencing
Several factors come into play when determining fair wear and tear versus tenant-caused damage. These considerations help landlords make informed decisions regarding deposit deductions and property maintenance.
Different types of tenants impact a rental property in various ways. For example, an HMO or student rental may experience greater wear and tear compared to a property rented to a professional couple. High-occupancy households naturally result in increased foot traffic, leading to faster deterioration of carpets, walls, and fixtures.
Landlords should take this into account when furnishing a rental. For example, opting for hard-wearing materials, such as laminate flooring instead of carpets, can minimize maintenance costs over time. Similarly, allowing pets in a rental may justify using pet-friendly flooring options.
Regardless of tenant type, deliberate damage—such as ripped furniture or drawings on the wall—is the tenant’s responsibility and falls outside the scope of fair wear and tear.
The condition and expected lifespan of an item or area also influence wear and tear calculations. High-traffic areas, such as hallways and living rooms, will naturally wear down more quickly than less-used spaces.
To assess deterioration fairly, landlords should document the original condition of all major items. This can be done through invoices, receipts, contractor reports, or inventory photos. If an item was brand new at the start of the tenancy, landlords can reasonably expect a longer lifespan, whereas older furnishings will naturally show signs of wear sooner.
Certain amounts of wear and tear are unavoidable in a rental property. This fair wear and tear must be paid for by the landlord. Damage caused by tenants, on the other hand, should be paid for by the tenants. Normally, damage repair costs will be claimed from the deposit.
Excluding fair wear and tear, landlords are entitled to reclaim the possession of their property at the end of the term of the tenancy agreement in the same condition as when they gave possession to the tenant.
A detailed and accurate inventory should be made and a check-in and check-out report undertaken and signed off by both parties. Landlords should record the current condition and any changes in the condition of the property dating and providing photographic evidence.
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